Outer Space Treaty, Plots on Moon, Sovereignity

When According to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, no nation can claim sovereignty over any part of any celestial rock. Then

1. How they're selling plots on moon?

2. How are exploration, mining on Moon justified?

3. Where is India playing role?

Firstly, all of you should see the Outer Space Treaty, I will reproduce the first and second articles now

Article I

The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind

Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law, and there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies.

Article II

Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means

Yes sir, according to the articles you posted- it seems like Global Commons?

Yes

Who is putting plots on moon?

That is why i am asking? Where did that question come from?

Since 1967, the treaty has been in existence, there are talks of colonization of moon, mars, asteroids, exploration for mineral resources on meteorites and other planets. However, the main clause of the treaty - Article I stands without amendment.

All exploration will be for all mankind, no ownership, irrespective of economic or scientific development. While countries that are advanced in space technology can send exploratory missions, there is no ownership.

Till now, everything has been to quench the scientific curiosity.

Sir, its true that there are agencies which are offering estates up for sale, but those purchases are no more worth anything other than the paper it’s written on

Claims cannot be considered legal.

However like Antarctica, there will be a time in the future when sovereignty might be established based on presence. But as of now, no amendment to the treaty and so we all can claim ownership of all the universe and the Milky Way.

As regards India's role, we continue to explore in the spirit of the treaty.

Sir could you elaborate on the status of Antarctica a bit?

Presently all our exploratory scientific stations in Antarctica are considered sovereign. Only within the physical limits of the stations. Not beyond. There is nothing like EEZ surrounding the stations. All countries respect that.

Sir as far as the satellites are concerned.. Wat abt the path to be chosen for every country to be launched..can they claim particular band or something like that?

There are bands allotted by unoosa.

There is even a graveyard for satellites where all space objects will have to be pushed when their fuel is less than 5% or so. This is to avoid space debris.

Sir, on a lighter note- the situation like Gravity (the movie) is probable?

Science fictions have always pushed the envelope and have propelled inventions and discoveries.

So who knows? We may have gravitates and Aliens and warp travel and what not?

2014: On 9 February, NASA accepted applications from companies that want to mine the moon for rare materials such as Helium-3 under a program called “Lunar Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Touchdown" (CATALYST). The Outer Space Treaty prohibits any country from claiming property on the moon, but lunar mining has sparked debate over lunar property rights.

US recognised owning of land though it is still controversial, this was my doubt sir?

but you have cleared it! its illegal, to claim on any land on moon.

The issue is about unilateralism versus multilateralism.

Treaty exists unamended.

Any kind of exploration is for the benefit of mankind and not for countries or corporations, as of now.